Gut Check

The study also provides clues into termites’ robust defense systems and how nicotinoids affect social insects.

A team led by Michael Scharf, the O.W. Rollins/Orkin Chair and professor of entomology at Purdue, found that a sublethal dose of imidacloprid knocked out key microbes in the termite gut and suppressed the social hygiene habits that help keep a termite colony healthy. Their defenses weakened, the termites became vulnerable to a fungal pathogen that normally poses little threat. The combination of pesticide and pathogen wiped out laboratory colonies in seven days.

“A termite colony can tolerate this dose of imidacloprid and fungal pathogen independently, but put them together, and they really have deleterious effects,” Scharf said. “Understanding how to cripple termite defenses could lead us to new, safer control technologies.”

EXPLOITING BIOLOGY. Termites rarely get sick, despite living in moist, underground environments and in close contact with thousands of fellow colony members — conditions that are ideal for disease development.

While termites contain the disease defense genes common among all insects, they also have unique, non-genetic ways of protecting themselves from pathogenic bacteria and fungi, Scharf said.

Termites build up “social immunity” by grooming pathogens off of one another and transfer disease resistance throughout the colony by feeding on each other’s secretions, said study co-author Drion Boucias, a professor of insect pathology at the University of Florida, who has been researching termite immunity and response to disease for several decades.

“Social cleaning and grooming are critical,” he said. “A solitary termite is susceptible to anything.”

Termites also protect themselves by cultivating mutually beneficial relationships with microorganisms. The termite gut houses what Boucias called a “microbial garden” — a rich community of thousands of beneficial bacteria and protists, simple microorganisms whose symbiotic relationship coevolved with termites over millions of years. These microbes allow termites to digest cellulose, the tough material that gives plants their ability to stand upright. But they also appear to play an important role in disease defense.

Previous research suggests that some of these protists produce an enzyme that fatally punctures the cell wall of pathogenic invaders.

When Scharf and Boucias’s team treated termite colonies with a small dose of imidacloprid, the protists began to die. The pesticide also had a drug-like effect on termites, suppressing the grooming behaviors necessary to keep colony members from being infected with a fungal disease.

Applying a sublethal amount of a fungal pathogen quickly destroyed the imidacloprid-treated colonies. The pathogen penetrated the termites’ outer cuticle and dissolved their muscles and organs.

“The termites became little fuzzy piles of mush,” Scharf said. “We don’t typically see this in colonies in the wild unless they are severely stressed.”

The researchers studied the termites’ gut metatranscriptome — all termite and microbe genes that are being expressed at a given moment — to measure the decline of the gut microbes and better understand which genes are involved in termite defense.

Unexpectedly, the pesticide and fungus did not trigger the “stereotypical” immunity genes that they do in other insect species such as bees, Scharf said. The finding could indicate that termites rely almost exclusively on their gut microbes and social immunity to protect their health.

Future control measures may target these defenses, opening the door for termites’ natural enemies to finish the job, Boucias said. — Natalie van Hoose, Purdue University.

Funding for the research was provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute for Food and Agriculture and the O.W. Rollins/Orkin Endowment at Purdue.